天山北坡融雪期雪层含水率地物光谱特征研究

积雪含水率是雪层中液态水的含量,也是积雪出流、产流的关键指标,对积雪含水率的研究对春季融雪产流及融雪型洪水有现实意义。借助美国ASD地物光谱仪和Snow Folk积雪特性仪获取原始数据,并利用SPSS19.0和Excel等统计软件对数据进行分析、处理,并利用这些数据进行制图、数据综合,建立雪表层的地物光谱特征预测模型。结果表明：积雪的光谱特征曲线由于在可见光和近红外由于吸收呈现出若干波谷;地物光谱特征与积雪表层含水率存在负相关关系,且随着波长的增加这种负相关关系变化明显,并在可见光和近红外形成三个相关关系的极小值;构建雪层含水率的地物光谱反射率模型,可见光范围内,在350 nm时的模型精度较高,能够达到75.9%,预测值和实测值拟合程度高,在近红外波段内,1 204 nm建模的模拟精度最高。     

Book Reviews

Abstract

HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, by M. Reinhard and A. Drefal, 228 pages, J. Wiley, New York (1999). ISBN 0—471—172634. UK £ 210.00

THE CHEMISTRY OF POLLUTION, by G. Fellenberg, 192 pp. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. (1999). ISBN 0—471—980889. UK£ 24,95.

NATURAL ATTENUATION OF FUELS AND CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN THE SUBSURFACE, by T.H. Wiedemeier, H.S. Rifai, C.J. Newell and J.T. Wilson, 617 pages, J. Wiley, New York (1999). ISBN 0—471—19749—1. UK £ 58.50

UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT, 3^rd, edition, edited by R.M. Harrison, 445 pages, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (UK) (1999). ISBN 0—85404—584—8. UK£ 19.95

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, Vol. 12 of Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, edited by R.E. Hester and R.H. Harrison, 152 pages, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (U.K.) (1999). ISBN 0—85404—255—5. UK£ 25,00

METHOD PERFORMANCE STUDIES FOR SPECIATION ANALYSIS. by P. Quevauviller, 271 pages, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (U.K.) (1998). ISBN 0—85404—467—1. UK£ 59.50

GLOBAL AQUATIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, by H.D. Kumar and D.P. Häder, 393 pages, Springer, Berlin (1999). ISBN 3—540—65369—4. USD 229.00

BIOACCUMULATION. New Aspects and Developments, edited by B. Beek, 284 pages, Springer, Heidelberg, 2000. ISBN 3—540—62575. USD 143.00

INTERLABORATORY STUDIES AND CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. The BCR approach, by Ph. Quevauviller and E.A. Maier, 558 pages, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam NL, (1999). ISBN 0—444—82389—1. USD 251.50 (Euro 224.62).     

Polymers on snow: Toward skiing faster

In this study, small-scale model skis running down a Nordic ski track were used to investigate the tribological properties of polymer ski soles of a wide range of chemical compositions and surface structures on snow at temperatures of −2 to −4 °C. It was found that ski soles consisting of smooth hydrophilic films of an arithmetical mean surface roughness of less than 0.2 μm experience a considerably higher friction with snow than flat hydrophobic films indicating that for such soles, capillary bridging of the lubricating water film between the snow and the ski base is the dominating friction mechanism. An optimum surface roughness of the ski soles was detected —in the range of 0.2–1 μm. At this surface roughness, sliders are always fast, essentially independent of chemical composition of the ski sole and surface topology. At higher surface roughness, it was found that friction between polymer and snow increases again, especially for structured surfaces that are not aligned in the gliding direction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1543–1551, 2010     

基于2008年1月中国南方低温雨雪冰冻事件10-30天延伸期稳定分量的研究

对北半球1978-2007年1月6日-2月4日逐日500 hPa高度场资料带通滤波,得到10-30 d 时间尺度分量,结合经验正交函数分解方法(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)提取出气候态基底.同样滤波北半球2008年1月冰冻雨雪事件的逐日实况资料,并将其投影到气候态基底上,利用各贡献率作为考察该EOF分量对原场的影响指标. 从10-30 d延伸期预报的角度提取稳定分量进行诊断分析,探讨影响此次天气过程的主要因素.通过贡献率分析方法把10-30 d延伸期稳定分量划分为气候态稳定分量和异常型稳定分量两个部分.结果表明:气候态稳定分量在我国南方2008年1月冰冻雨雪事件中占主体地位,异常型稳定分量相当于在气候态稳定分量的基础上叠加的扰动值, 但异常型稳定分量在本次过程中的作用不能忽视,甚至起到关键性的作用, 并且与实况距平在太平洋地区整体环流形势有较好的对应.这些结论加深了对10-30 d 时间尺度可预报性的认识,为10-30 d延伸期预报提供了一种新的思路和解决问题的途径.     

证券数目变化时受到扰动的M-V有效前沿分析

基于M-V证券组合模型,在证券市场上不存在无风险资产且允许卖空条件下,探讨了证券数增加k种后原n种证券协方差矩阵发生改变情形下M-V证券组合有效前沿的漂移问题。通过引入扰动因子和扰动矩阵,给出了M-V证券组合有效前沿的漂移方向及其开口大小的变化情况．研究结果表明证券数增加了k种后有效前沿向左漂移以及它的开口变大,原证券组合的有效前沿完全落在新的证券组合可行集内．     

新增证券对证券组合有效前沿影响的动态分析

不存在无风险资产时，新增k(k≥1)种与前n种资产相关的证券时，其对证券组合前沿的影响问题，研究比较复杂，本作提出了解决这一问题的动态算法，对这一问题进行了漂移分析，并给出了一系列定理和新投资比例计算公式，这些定理揭示了证券组合前沿的左相离特征。最后，本对结果作了计算机仿真。     

Effect of blowing snow and ground blizzards on millimeter wave scintillation spectra

We describe the effect of ground blizzards and blowing snow on millimeter wave scintillation spectra at 116 and 230 GHz. During snowstorms, multipath propagation can occur for various reasons. Whatever the reason for the multipath, it will affect the scintillation spectrum. Enhancement of the scintillation spectrum is observed at both low and high temporal frequencies. In some cases, two additional corner frequencies are evident at the high-frequency end of the scintillation spectrum. The method of obtaining the cross-path wind component fails when the wind is nearly parallel to the propagation path.     

Investigations of the apparent temperature of snow cover in the submillimeter wavelength region

Equipment and methods used for measuring the apparent temperature of snow cover in high mountains is described. The spectrum of dry snowpack emission in the wavelength region 0.85÷1.3 mm is obtained. The dependence of the apparent temperature of snow cover on the atmospheric optical depth is determined. It is shown that in the first approximation the snow cover emission is described by the Lambert law and the snow albedo is within 0.6÷0.67.     

虚阴极时间相关行为的单荷电层分析

用格林函数法计算圆柱腔中单荷电层的空间电荷场,分析在圆柱腔漂移管中的虚阴极时间相关行为。求出在非相对论情形下极限电荷q_L的表达式,对不同电荷值、荷电层的位置与速度随时间变化关系进行数值计算分析。给出了虚阴极直观的物理图象。     

Trace Analysis of Iron in Environmental Water and Snow Samples from Poland

Abstract

A voltammetric method for the determination of iron at detection limit of 4 μg/l is described, using the catalytic current of the reduction of the Fe(III)-triethanolamine (TEA) complex in the presence of bromate ions. the determination was performed at a mercury hanging drop electrode without preconcentration, using the TEA alkaline solution as a supporting electrolyte and the differential pulse technique. A peak current for the Fe(III)-TEA catalytic reduction was observed at a potential of-1.0 V (Ag/AgCl saturated electrode). the influence of TEA, BrO³ and NaOH concentrations on the peak height was studied. It was found that a 100-fold excess of Mn, a 50-fold excess of Cr(VI) and Zn did not interfere in the determination. This method was applied to the determination of iron in water, snow and waste water samples.